INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES
ISPM 26
ESTABLISHMENT OF PEST FREE AREAS FOR FRUIT FLIES (TEPHRITIDAE)
(2006)
Produced by the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention
© FAO 2011 
Publication history
This is not an official part of the standard
2004-04 ICPM-6 added topic Pest free areas and systems approached for fruit flies (2004-027)
2004-09 TPFF developed the draft text
2004-11 SC approved Specification No. 27 Pest free areas for fruit flies
2005-04 SC revised the draft standard and approved for MC
2005-06 Sent for MC
2005-09 TPFF revised draft text
2005-11 SC revised the draft text for adoption
2006-04 CPM-1 revised and adopted standard
ISPM 26. 2006. Establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae). Rome, IPPC, FAO.
2006-04 CPM-1 added topic Trapping procedures for fruit flies (2006-037)
2006-05 SC approved Specification 35 Trapping procedures for fruit flies of the family Tephritidae
2007-12 TPFF developed draft text cooperated with IAEA
2008-05 SC approved draft text for MC
2008-06 Sent for MC
2009-05 SC revised draft text and proposed as Appendix to ISPM 26
2009-05 SC-7 revised draft text
2009-11 SC revised draft text
2010-03 CPM-5 reviewed text and returned to SC with guidance for modifications
2010-04 SC reviewed draft text standard and returned to TPFF
2010-10 TPFF revised draft text
2010-11 SC revised draft text for adoption
2011-03 CPM-6 revised and adopted standard
ISPM 26. 2006: Appendix 1 Fruit fly trapping (2011). Rome, IPPC, FAO.
Publication history last modified August 2011
CONTENTS
Adoption............................................................................................................................................. 26-5
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 26-5
Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 26-5
References .......................................................................................................................................... 26-5
Definitions.......................................................................................................................................... 26-5
Outline of Requirements .................................................................................................................... 26-5
BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................ 26-6
REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................................. 26-6
1. General Requirements ................................................................................................................ 26-6
1.1 Public awareness ......................................................................................................... 26-7
1.2 Documentation and record-keeping ............................................................................ 26-7
1.3 Supervision activities .................................................................................................. 26-7
2. Specific Requirements................................................................................................................ 26-7
2.1 Characterization of the FF-PFA.................................................................................. 26-7
2.2 Establishment of the FF-PFA...................................................................................... 26-8
2.2.1 Buffer zone.................................................................................................................. 26-8
2.2.2 Surveillance activities prior to establishment.............................................................. 26-8
2.2.2.1 Trapping procedures.................................................................................................... 26-9
2.2.2.2 Fruit sampling procedures......................................................................................... 26-10
2.2.3 Controls on the movement of regulated articles........................................................ 26-11
2.2.4 Additional technical information for establishment of a FF-PFA............................. 26-11
2.2.5 Domestic declaration of pest freedom....................................................................... 26-11
2.3 Maintenance of the FF-PFA...................................................................................... 26-11
2.3.1 Surveillance for maintenance of the FF-PFA............................................................ 26-12
2.3.2 Controls on the movement of regulated articles........................................................ 26-12
2.3.3 Corrective actions (including response to an outbreak) ............................................ 26-12
2.4 Suspension, reinstatement or loss of a FF-PFA status .............................................. 26-12
2.4.1 Suspension................................................................................................................. 26-12
2.4.2 Reinstatement............................................................................................................ 26-13
2.4.3 Loss of FF-PFA status............................................................................................... 26-13
ANNEX 1: Guidelines on corrective action plans ........................................................................... 26-14
APPENDIX 1: Fruit fly trapping (2011).......................................................................................... 26-16
1. Pest status and survey types...................................................................................................... 26-16
2. Trapping scenarios.................................................................................................................... 26-17
3. Trapping materials.................................................................................................................... 26-17
3.1 Attractants ................................................................................................................. 26-17
3.1.1 Male-specific attractants ........................................................................................... 26-18
3.1.2 Female-biased attractants .......................................................................................... 26-
18
3.2 Killing and preserving agents.................................................................................... 26-24
3.3 Commonly used fruit fly traps .................................................................................. 26-24
4. Trapping procedures ................................................................................................................. 26-33
4.1 Spatial distribution of traps ....................................................................................... 26-33
4.2 Trap deployment (placement) ................................................................................... 26-33
4.3 Trap mapping ............................................................................................................ 26-34
4.4 Trap servicing and inspection ................................................................................... 26-35
4.5 Trapping records ....................................................................................................... 26-35
4.6 Flies per trap per day................................................................................................. 26-35
5. Trap densities............................................................................................................................ 26-36
6. Supervision activities................................................................................................................ 26-41
7. References ................................................................................................................................ 26-42
APPENDIX 2: Guidelines for fruit sampling................................................................................... 26-45
Adoption
This standard was adopted by the First Session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in April 2006. Revision of Appendix 1 on Fruit fly trapping was adopted by the Sixth Session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in March 2011.
INTRODUCTION
Scope
This standard provides guidelines for the establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae) of economic importance, and for the maintenance of their pest free status.
References
IPPC. 1997. International Plant Protection Convention. Rome, IPPC, FAO.
ISPM 4. 1995. Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas. Rome, IPPC, FAO. [published 1996]
ISPM 5. Glossary of phytosanitary terms. Rome, IPPC, FAO.
ISPM 6. 1997. Guidelines for surveillance. Rome, IPPC, FAO.
ISPM 8. 1998. Determination of pest status in an area. Rome, IPPC, FAO.
ISPM 9. 1998. Guidelines for pest eradication programmes. Rome, IPPC, FAO.
ISPM 10. 1999. Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites. Rome, IPPC, FAO.
ISPM 17. 2002. Pest reporting. Rome, IPPC, FAO.
Definitions
Definitions of phytosanitary terms used in the present standard can be found in ISPM 5 (Glossary of phytosanitary terms).
Outline of Requirements
The general requirements for establishing a fruit fly-pest free area (FF-PFA) include:
- the preparation of a public awareness programme
- the management elements of the system (documentation and review systems, record-keeping)
- supervision activities.
The major elements of the FF-PFA are:
- the characterization of the FF-PFA
- the establishment and maintenance of the FF-PFA.
These elements include the surveillance activities of trapping and fruit sampling, and official control on the movement of regulated articles. Guidance on surveillance and fruit sampling activities is provided in Appendixes 1 and 2.
Additional elements include: corrective action planning, suspension, loss of pest free status and reinstatement (if possible) of the FF-PFA. Corrective action planning is described in Annex 1.
BACKGROUND
Fruit flies are a very important group of pests for many countries due to their potential to cause damage in fruits and to their potential to restrict access to international markets for plant products that can host fruit flies. The high probability of introduction of fruit flies associated with a wide range of hosts results in restrictions imposed by many importing countries to accept fruits from areas in which these pests are established. For these reasons, there is a need for an ISPM that provides specific guidance for the establishment and maintenance of pest free areas for fruit flies.
A pest free area is “an area in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained” (ISPM 5). Areas initially free from fruit flies may remain naturally free from fruit flies due to the presence of barriers or climate conditions, and/or maintained free through movement restrictions and related measures (though fruit flies have the potential to establish there) or may be made free by an eradication programme (ISPM 9:1998). ISPM 4:1995 describes different types of pest free areas and provides general guidance on the establishment of pest free areas. However, a need for additional guidance on establishment and maintenance of pest free areas specifically for fruit flies (fruit fly-pest free areas, FF-PFA) was recognized. This standard describes additional requirements for establishment and maintenance of FF-PFAs. The target pests for which this standard was developed include insects of the order Diptera, family Tephritidae, of the genera Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Rhagoletis and Toxotrypana.
The establishment and maintenance of an FF-PFA implies that no other phytosanitary measures specific for the target species are required for host commodities within the PFA.
REQUIREMENTS
1. General Requirements
The concepts and provisions of ISPM 4:1995 apply to the establishment and maintenance of pest free areas for all pests including fruit flies and therefore ISPM 4 should be referred to in conjunction with this standard.
Phytosanitary measures and specific procedures as further described in this standard may be required for the establishment and maintenance of FF-PFA. The decision to establish a formal FF-PFA may be made based on the technical factors provided in this standard. They include components such as pest biology, size of the area, pest population levels and dispersal pathway, ecological conditions, geographical isolation and availability of methods for pest eradication.
FF-PFAs may be established in accordance with this ISPM under a variety of different situations. Some of them require the application of the full range of elements provided by this standard; others require only the application of some of these elements.
In areas where the fruit flies concerned are not capable of establishment because of climatic, geographical or other reasons, absence should be recognized according to the first paragraph of section 3.1.2 of ISPM 8:1998. If, however, the fruit flies are detected and can cause economic damage during a season (Article VII.3 of the IPPC), corrective actions should be applied in order to allow the maintenance of a FF-PFA.
In areas where the fruit flies are capable of establishment and known to be absent, general surveillance in accordance with section 3.1.2 of ISPM 8:1998 is normally sufficient for the purpose of delimiting and establishing a pest free area. Where appropriate, import requirements and/or domestic movement restrictions against the introduction of the relevant fruit fly species into the area may be required to maintain the area free from the pest.
1.1 Public awareness
A public awareness programme is most important in areas where the risk of introduction is higher. An important factor in the establishment and maintenance of FF-PFAs is the support and participation of the public (especially the local community) close to the FF-PFA and individuals that travel to or through the area, including parties with direct and indirect interests. The public and stakeholders should be informed through different forms of media (written, radio, TV) of the importance of establishing and maintaining the pest free status of the area, and of avoiding the introduction or re-introduction of potentially infested host material. This may contribute to and improve compliance with the phytosanitary measures for the FF-PFA. The public awareness and phytosanitary education programme should be ongoing and may include information on:
- permanent or random checkpoints
- posting signs at entry points and transit corridors
- disposal bins for host material
- leaflets or brochures with information on the pest and the pest free area
- publications (e.g. print, electronic media)
- systems to regulate fruit movement
- non-commercial hosts
- security of the traps
- penalties for non-compliance, where applicable.
1.2 Documentation and record-keeping
The phytosanitary measures used for the establishment and maintenance of FF-PFA should be adequately documented as part of phytosanitary procedures. They should be reviewed and updated regularly, including corrective actions, if required (see also ISPM 4:1995).
The records of surveys, detections, occurrences or outbreaks and results of other operational procedures should be retained for at least 24 months. Such records should be made available to the NPPO of the importing country on request.
1.3 Supervision activities
The FF-PFA programme, including regulatory control, surveillance procedures (for example trapping, fruit sampling) and corrective action planning should comply with officially approved procedures.
Such procedures should include official delegation of responsibility assigned to key personnel, for example:
- a person with defined authority and responsibility to ensure that the systems/procedures are implemented and maintained appropriately
- entomologist(s) with responsibility for the authoritative identification of fruit flies to species level.
The effectiveness of the programme should be monitored periodically by the NPPO of the exporting country, through review of documentation and procedures.
2. Specific Requirements
2.1 Characterization of the FF-PFA
The determining characteristics of the FF-PFA include:
- the target fruit fly species and its distribution within or adjacent to the area
- commercial and non-commercial host species
- delimitation of the area (detailed maps or global positioning system (GPS) coordinates showing the boundaries, natural barriers, entry points and host area locations, and, where necessary, buffer zones)
- climate, for example rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, prevailing wind speed and direction.
Further guidance on establishing and describing a PFA is provided in ISPM 4:1995.
2.2 Establishment of the FF-PFA
The following should be developed and implemented:
- surveillance activities for establishment of the FF-PFA
- delimitation of the FF-PFA
- phytosanitary measures related to movement of host material or regulated articles
- pest suppression and eradication techniques as appropriate.
The establishment of buffer zones may also be necessary (as described in section 2.2.1) and it may be useful to collect additional technical information during the establishment of the FF-PFA.
2.2.1 Buffer zone
In areas where geographic isolation is not considered adequate to prevent introduction to or reinfestation of a PFA or where there are no other means of preventing fruit fly movement to the PFA, a buffer zone should be established. Factors that should be considered in the establishment and effectiveness of a buffer zone include:
-
pest suppression techniques which may be used to reduce the fruit fly population, including:
. use of selective insecticide-bait
. spraying
. sterile insect technique
. male annihilation technique
. biological control
. mechanical control, etc.
- host availability, cropping systems, natural vegetation
- climatic conditions
- the geography of the area
- capacity for natural spread through identified pathways
- the ability to implement a system to monitor the effectiveness of buffer zone establishment (e.g. trapping network).
2.2.2 Surveillance activities prior to establishment
A regular survey programme should be established and implemented. Trapping is the preferred option to determine fruit fly absence or presence in an area for lure/bait responsive species. However, fruit sampling activities may sometimes be required to complement the trapping programme in cases where trapping is less effective, for example when species are less responsive to specific lures.
Prior to the establishment of a FF-PFA, surveillance should be undertaken for a period determined by the climatic characteristics of the area, and as technically appropriate for at least 12 consecutive months in the FF-PFA in all relevant areas of commercial and non-commercial host plants to demonstrate that the pest is not present in the area. There should be no populations detected during the surveillance activities prior to establishment. A single adult detection, depending on its status (in accordance with ISPM 8:1998), may not disqualify an area from subsequent designation as an FF-PFA. For qualifying the area as a pest free area, there should be no detection of an immature specimen, two or more fertile adults, or an inseminated female of the target species during the survey period. There are different trapping and fruit sampling regimes for different fruit fly species. Surveys should be conducted using the guidelines in Appendixes 1 and 2. These guidelines may be revised as trap, lure and fruit sampling efficiencies improve.
2.2.2.1 Trapping procedures
This section contains general information on trapping procedures for target fruit fly species. Trapping conditions may vary depending on, for example, the target fruit fly and environmental conditions. More information is provided in Appendix 1. When planning for trapping, the following should be considered.
Trap type and lures
Several types of traps and lures have been developed over decades to survey fruit fly populations. Fly catches differ depending on the types of lure used. The type of trap chosen for a survey depends on the target fruit fly species and the nature of the attractant. The most widely used traps include Jackson, McPhail, Steiner, open bottom dry trap (OBDT), yellow panel traps, which may use specific attractants (para-pheromone or pheromone lures that are male specific), or food or host odours (liquid protein or dry synthetic). Liquid protein is used to catch a wide range of different fruit fly species and capture both females and males, with a slightly higher percentage of females captured. However identification of the fruit flies can be difficult due to decomposition within the liquid bait. In traps such as McPhail, ethylene glycol may be added to delay decomposition. Dry synthetic protein baits are female biased, capture less non-target organisms and, when used in dry traps, may prevent premature decomposition of captured specimens.
Trap density
Trap density (number of traps per unit area) is a critical factor for effective fruit fly surveys and it should be designed based on target fruit fly species, trap efficiency, cultivation practices, and other biotic and abiotic factors. Density may change depending on the programme phase, with different densities required during the establishment of FF-PFA and the maintenance phase. Trap density also depends on the risk associated with potential pathways for entry into the designated PFA.
Trap deployment (determination of the specific location of the traps)
In a FF-PFA programme, an extensive trapping network should be deployed over the entire area. The trapping network layout will depend on the characteristics of the area, host distribution and the biology of the fruit fly of concern. One of the most important features of trap placement is the selection of a proper location and trap site within the host plant. The application of GPS and geographic information systems (GIS) are useful tools for management of a trapping network.
Trap location should take into consideration the presence of the preferred hosts (primary, secondary and occasional hosts) of the target species. Because the pest is associated with maturing fruit, the location including rotation of traps should follow the sequence of fruit maturity in host plants. Consideration should be given to commercial management practices in the area where host trees are selected. For example, the regular application of insecticides (and/or other chemicals) to selected host trees may have a false-negative effect on the trapping programme.
Trap servicing
The frequency of trap servicing (maintaining and refreshing the traps) during the period of trapping should depend on the:
- longevity of baits (attractant persistency)
- retention capacity
- rate of catch
- season of fruit fly activity
- placement of the traps
- biology of the species
- environmental conditions.
Trap inspection (checking the traps for fruit flies)
The frequency of regular inspection during the period of trapping should depend on:
- expected fruit fly activity (biology of the species)
- response of the target fruit fly in relation to host status at different times of the year
- relative number of target and non-target fruit flies expected to be caught in a trap
- type of trap used
- physical condition of the flies in the trap (and whether they can be identified).
In certain traps, specimens may degrade quickly making identification difficult or impossible unless the traps are checked frequently.
Identification capability
NPPOs should have in place, or have ready access to, adequate infrastructure and trained personnel to identify detected specimens of the target species in an expeditious manner, preferably within 48 hours. Continuous access to expertise may be necessary during the establishment phase or when implementing corrective actions.
2.2.2.2 Fruit sampling procedures
Fruit sampling may be used as a surveillance method in combination with trapping where trapping is less effective. It should be noted that fruit sampling is particularly effective in small-scale delimiting surveys in an outbreak area. However, it is labour-intensive, time consuming and expensive due to the destruction of fruit. It is important that fruit samples should be held in suitable condition to maintain the viability of all immature stages of fruit fly in infested fruit for identification purpose.
Host preference
Fruit sampling should take into consideration the presence of primary, secondary and occasional hosts of the target species. Fruit sampling should also take into account the maturity of fruit, apparent signs of infestation in fruit, and commercial practices (e.g. application of insecticides) in the area.
Focusing on high-risk areas
Fruit sampling should be targeted on areas likely to have presence of infested fruits such as:
- urban areas
- abandoned orchards
- rejected fruit at packing facilities
- fruit markets
- sites with a high concentration of primary hosts
- entrance points into the FF-PFA, where appropriate.
The sequence of hosts that are likely to be infested by the target fruit fly species in the area should be used as fruit sampling areas.
Sample size and selection
Factors to be considered include:
- the required level of confidence
- the availability of primary host material in the field
- fruits with symptoms on trees, fallen or rejected fruit (for example at packing facilities), where appropriate.
Procedures for processing sampled fruit for inspection
Fruit samples collected in the field should be brought to a facility for holding, fruit dissection, pest recovery and identification. Fruit should be labelled, transported and held in a secure manner to avoid mixing fruits from different samples.
Identification capability
NPPOs should have in place, or have ready access to, adequate infrastructure and trained personnel to identify fruit fly immature stages and emerged adults of the target species in an expeditious manner.
2.2.3 Controls on the movement of regulated articles
Movement controls of regulated articles should be implemented to prevent the entry of target pests into the FF-PFA. These controls depend on the assessed risks (after identification of likely pathways and regulated articles) and may include:
- listing of the target fruit fly species on a quarantine pest list
- regulation of the pathways and articles that require control to maintain the FF-PFA
- domestic restrictions to control the movement of regulated articles into the FF-PFA
- inspection of regulated articles, examination of relevant documentation as appropriate and, where necessary for cases of non-compliance, the application of appropriate phytosanitary measures (e.g. treatment, refusal or destruction).
2.2.4 Additional technical information for establishment of a FF-PFA
Additional information may be useful during the establishment phase of FF-PFAs. This includes:
- historical records of detection, biology and population dynamics of the target pest(s), and survey activities for the designated target pest(s) in the FF-PFA
- the results of phytosanitary measures taken as part of actions following detections of fruit flies in the FF-PFA
- records of the commercial production of host crops in the area, an estimate of non-commercial production and the presence of wild host material
- lists of the other fruit fly species of economic importance that may be present in the FF-PFA.
2.2.5 Domestic declaration of pest freedom
The NPPO should verify the fruit fly free status of the area (in accordance with ISPM 8:1998) specifically by confirming compliance with the procedures set up in accordance with this standard (surveillance and controls). The NPPO should declare and notify the establishment of the FF-PFA, as appropriate.
In order to be able to verify the fruit fly free status in the area and for purposes of internal management, the continuing FF-PFA status should be checked after the PFA has been established and any phytosanitary measures for the maintenance of the FF-PFA have been put in place.
2.3 Maintenance of the FF-PFA
In order to maintain the FF-PFA status, the NPPO should continue to monitor the operation of the surveillance and control activities, continuously verifying the pest free status.
2.3.1 Surveillance for maintenance of the FF-PFA
After verifying and declaring the FF-PFA, the official surveillance programme should be continued at a level assessed as being necessary for maintenance of the FF-PFA. Regular technical reports of the survey activities should be generated (for example monthly). Requirements for this are essentially the same as for establishment of the FF-PFA (see section 2.2) but with differences in density and trap locations dependent upon the assessed level of risk of introduction of the target species.
2.3.2 Controls on the movement of regulated articles
These are the same as for establishment of the FF-PFA (provided in section 2.2.3).
2.3.3 Corrective actions (including response to an outbreak)
The NPPO should have prepared plans for corrective actions that may be implemented if the target pest(s) is detected in the FF-PFA or in host material from that area (detailed guidelines are provided in Annex 1), or if faulty procedures are found. This plan should include components or systems to cover:
- outbreak declaration according to criteria in ISPM 8:1998 and notification
- delimiting surveillance (trapping and fruit sampling) to determine the infested area under corrective actions
- implementation of control measures
- further surveillance
- criteria for the reinstatement of freedom of the area affected by the outbreak
- responses to interceptions.
A corrective action plan should be initiated as soon as possible and in any case within 72 hours of the detection (of an adult or immature stage of the target pest).
2.4 Suspension, reinstatement or loss of a FF-PFA status
2.4.1 Suspension
The status of the FF-PFA or the affected part within the FF-PFA should be suspended when an outbreak of the target fruit fly occurs or based on one of the following triggers: detection of an immature specimen of the target fruit fly, two or more fertile adults as demonstrated by scientific evidence, or an inseminated female within a defined period and distance. Suspension may also be applied if procedures are found to be faulty (for example inadequate trapping, host movement controls or treatments).
If the criteria for an outbreak are met, this should result in the implementation of the corrective action plan as specified in this standard and immediate notification to interested importing countries’ NPPOs (see ISPM 17:2002). The whole or part of the FF-PFA may be suspended or revoked. In most cases a suspension radius will delimit the affected part of the FF-PFA. The radius will depend on the biology and ecology of the target fruit fly. The same radius will generally apply for all FF-PFAs for a given target species unless scientific evidence supports any proposed deviation. Where a suspension is put in place, the criteria for lifting the suspension should be made clear. Interested importing countries’ NPPOs should be informed of any change in FF-PFA status.
2.4.2 Reinstatement
Reinstatement should be based on requirements for establishment with the following conditions:
- no further detection of the target pest species for a period determined by the biology of the species and the prevailing environmental conditions1
- in the case of a fault in the procedures, only when the fault has been corrected. , as confirmed by surveillance, or
2.4.3 Loss of FF-PFA status
If the control measures are not effective and the pest becomes established in the whole area (the area recognized as pest free), the status of the FF-PFA should be lost. In order to achieve again the FF-PFA, the procedures of establishment and maintenance outlined in this standard should be followed.
1 The period starts from the last detection. For some species, no further detection should occur for at least three life cycles; however the required period should be based on scientific information including that provided by the surveillance systems in place.
This annex is a prescriptive part of the standard.
ANNEX 1: Guidelines on corrective action plans
The detection of a single fruit fly (adult or immature) of the target species in the FF-PFA should trigger enforcement of a corrective action plan.
In case of an outbreak, the objective of the corrective action plan is to ensure eradication of the pest to enable reinstatement of pest status in the affected area into the FF-PFA.
The corrective action plan should be prepared taking into account the biology of the target fruit fly species, the geography of the FF-PFA area, climatic conditions and host distribution within the area.
The elements required for implementation of a corrective action plan include:
- legal framework under which the corrective action plan can be applied
- criteria for the declaration of an outbreak
- time scales for the initial response
- technical criteria for delimiting trapping, fruit sampling, application of the eradication actions and establishment of regulatory measures
- availability of sufficient operational resources
- identification capability
- effective communication within the NPPO and with the NPPO(s) of the importing country(ies), including provision of contact details of all parties involved.
Actions to apply the corrective action plan
(1) Determination of the phytosanitary status of the detection (actionable or non-actionable)
(1.1) If the detection is a transient non-actionable occurrence (ISPM 8:1998), no further action is required.
(1.2) If the detection of a target pest may be actionable, a delimiting survey, which includes additional traps, and usually fruit sampling as well as an increased trap inspection rate, should be implemented immediately after the detection to assess whether the detection represents an outbreak, which will determine necessary responsive actions. If a population is present, this action is also used to determine the size of the affected area.
(2) Suspension of FF-PFA status
If after detection it is determined that an outbreak has occurred or any of the triggers specified in section 2.4.1 is reached, the FF-PFA status in the affected area should be suspended. The affected area may be limited to parts of the FF-PFA or may be the whole FF-PFA.
(3) Implementation of control measures in the affected area
As per ISPM 9:1998, specific corrective or eradication actions should be implemented immediately in the affected area(s) and adequately communicated to the community. Eradication actions may include:
- selective insecticide-bait treatments
- sterile fly release
- total harvest of fruit in the trees
- male annihilation technique
- destruction of infested fruit
- soil treatment (chemical or physical)
- insecticide application.
Phytosanitary measures should be immediately enforced for control of movement of regulated articles that can host fruit flies. These measures may include cancellation of shipments of fruit commodities from the affected area and as appropriate, fruit disinfestation and the operation of road blocks to prevent the movement of infested fruit from the affected area to the rest of the pest free area. Other measures could be adopted if agreed by the importing country, for example treatment, increased surveys, supplementary trapping.
(4) Criteria for reinstatement of a FF-PFA after an outbreak and actions to be taken
The criteria for determining that eradication has been successful are specified in section 2.4.2 and should be included in the corrective action plan for the target fruit fly. The time period will depend on the biology of the species and the prevailing environmental conditions. Once the criteria have been fulfilled the following actions should be taken:
- notification of NPPOs of importing countries
- reinstatement of normal surveillance levels
- reinstatement of the FF-PFA.
(5) Notification of relevant agencies
Relevant NPPOs and other agencies should be kept informed of any change in FF-PFA status as appropriate, and IPPC pest reporting obligations observed (ISPM 17:2002).
This appendix was adopted by the Sixth Session of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in March 2011.
This appendix is for reference purposes only and is not a prescriptive part of the standard.
APPENDIX 1: Fruit fly trapping (2011)
This appendix provides detailed information for trapping procedures for fruit fly species (Tephritidae) of economic importance under different pest statuses. Specific traps, in combination with attractants, and killing and preserving agents, should be used depending on the technical feasibility, the species of fruit fly and the pest status of the areas, which can be either an infested area, an area of low pest prevalence (FF-ALPP), or a pest free area (FF-PFA). It describes the most widely used traps, including materials such as trapping devices and attractants, and trapping densities, as well as procedures including evaluation, data recording and analysis.
1. Pest status and survey types
There are five pest statuses where surveys may be applied:
A. Pest present without control. The pest is present but not subject to any control measures.
B. Pest present under suppression. The pest is present and subject to control measures. Includes FF-ALPP.
C. Pest present under eradication. The pest is present and subject to control measures. Includes FF-ALPP.
D. Pest absent and FF-PFA being maintained. The pest is absent (e.g. eradicated, no pest records, no longer present) and measures to maintain pest absence are applied.
E. Pest transient. Pest under surveillance and actionable, under eradication.
The three types of surveys and corresponding objectives are:
- monitoring surveys, applied to verify the characteristics of the pest population
- delimiting surveys, applied to establish the boundaries of an area considered to be infested by or free from the pest
- detection surveys, applied to determine if the pest is present in an area.
Monitoring surveys are necessary to verify the characteristics of the pest population before the initiation or during the application of suppression and eradication measures to verify the population levels and to evaluate the efficacy of the control measures. These are necessary for situations A, B and C. Delimiting surveys are applied to determine the boundaries of an area considered to be infested by or free from the pest such as boundaries of an established FF-ALPP (situation B) (ISPM 30:2008) and as part of a corrective action plan when the pest exceeds the established low prevalence levels or in an FF-PFA (situation E) (ISPM 26:2006) as part of a corrective action plan when a detection occurs. Detection surveys are to determine if the pest is present in an area, that is to demonstrate pest absence (situation D) and to detect a possible entry of the pest into the FF-PFA (pest transient actionable) (ISPM 8:1998).
Additional information on how or when specific types of surveys should be applied can be found in other standards dealing with specific topics such as pest status, eradication, pest free areas or areas of low pest prevalence.
2. Trapping scenarios
As the pest status may change over time, the type of survey needed may also change:
- Pest present. Starting from an established population with no control (situation A), phytosanitary measures may be applied, and potentially lead toward an FF-ALPP (situation B and C) or an FF-PFA (situation D).
- Pest absent. Starting from an FF-PFA (situation D), the pest status is either maintained or a detection occurs (situation E), where measures would be applied aimed at restoring the FF-PFA.
3. Trapping materials
The effective use of traps relies on the proper combination of trap, attractant and killing agent to attract, capture, kill and preserve the target fruit fly species for effective identification, counting data collection and analysis. Traps for fruit fly surveys use the following materials as appropriate:
- a trapping device
- attractants (pheromones, parapheromones and food attractants)
- killing agents in wet and dry traps (with physical or chemical action)
- preservation agents (wet or dry).
3.1 Attractants
Some fruit fly species of economic importance and the attractants commonly used to capture them are presented in Table 1. Presence or absence of a species from this table does not indicate that pest risk analysis has been performed and in no way is it indicative of the regulatory status of a fruit fly species.
Table 1. A number of fruit fly species of economic importance and commonly used attractants
Scientific name
Attractant
Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann)4
Protein attractant (PA)
Anastrepha grandis (Macquart)
PA
Anastrepha ludens (Loew)
PA, 2C-11
Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart)
PA, 2C-11
Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann)
PA
Anastrepha striata (Schiner)
PA
Anastrepha suspensa (Loew)
PA, 2C-11
Bactrocera carambolae (Drew & Hancock)
Methyl eugenol (ME)
Bactrocera caryeae (Kapoor)
ME
Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi)
ME
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)4
ME
Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta, & White)
ME, 3C2
Bactrocera kandiensis (Drew & Hancock)
Bactrocera musae (Tryon)
ME
ME
Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi)
ME
Bactrocera papayae (Drew & Hancock)
ME
Bactrocera philippinensis (Drew & Hancock)
ME
Bactrocera umbrosa (Fabricius)
ME
Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)
ME, 3C2, ammonium acetate (AA)
Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)
Cuelure (CUE), 3C2, AA
Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy)
CUE
Scientific name
Attractant
Bactrocera tau (Walker)
CUE
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)
CUE
Bactrocera citri (Chen) (B. minax, Enderlein)
PA
Bactrocera cucumis (French)
PA
Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon)
PA
Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel)
PA
Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)
PA, ammonium bicarbonate (AC), spiroketal (SK)
Bactrocera tsuneonis (Miyake)
PA
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
Trimedlure (TML), Capilure (CE), PA, 3C2, 2C-23
Ceratitis cosyra (Walker)
PA, 3C2, 2C-23
Ceratitis rosa (Karsch)
TML, PA, 3C2, 2C-23
Dacus ciliatus (Loew)
PA, 3C2, AA
Myiopardalis pardalina (Bigot)
PA
Rhagoletis cerasi (Linnaeus)
Ammonium salts (AS), AA, AC
Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew)
AS, AA, AC
Rhagoletis indifferens (Curran)
AA, AC
Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
butyl hexanoate (BuH), AS
Toxotrypana curvicauda (Gerstaecker)
2-methyl-vinylpyrazine (MVP)
1 Two-component (2C-1) synthetic food attractant of ammonium acetate and putrescine, mainly for female captures.
2 Three-component (3C) synthetic food attractant, mainly for female captures (ammonium acetate, putrescine, trimethylamine).
3 Two-component (2C-2) synthetic food attractant of ammonium acetate and trimethylamine, mainly for female captures.
4 Taxonomic status of some listed members of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex and of Anastrepha fraterculus is uncertain.
3.1.1 Male-specific attractants
The most widely used attractants are pheromone or parapheromones that are male specific. The parapheromone trimedlure (TML) captures species of the genus Ceratitis (including C. capitata and C. rosa). The parapheromone methyl eugenol (ME) captures a large number of species of the genus Bactrocera (including B. carambolae, B. dorsalis, B. invadens, B. musae, B. philippinensis and B. zonata). The pheromone spiroketal captures B. oleae. The parapheromone cuelure (CUE) captures a large number of other Bactrocera species, including B. cucurbitae and B. tryoni. Parapheromones are generally highly volatile and can be used with a variety of traps (examples are listed in Table 2a). Controlled-release formulations exist for TML, CUE and ME, providing a longer-lasting attractant for field use. It is important to be aware that some inherent environmental conditions may affect the longevity of pheromone and parapheromone attractants.
3.1.2 Female-biased attractants
Female-specific pheromones/parapheromones are not usually commercially available (except, for example, 2-methyl-vinylpyrazine). Therefore, the female-biased attractants (natural, synthetic, liquid or dry) that are commonly used are based on food or host odours (Table 2b). Historically, liquid protein attractants (PA) have been used to capture a wide range of different fruit fly species. Liquid protein attractants capture both females and males. These liquid attractants are generally less sensitive than the parapheromones. In addition, liquid attractants capture high numbers of non-target insects and require more frequent servicing.
Several food-based synthetic attractants have been developed using ammonia and its derivatives. This may reduce the number of non-target insects captured. For example, for capturing C. capitata a synthetic food attractant consisting of three components (ammonium acetate, putrescine and trimethylamine) is used. For capturing of Anastrepha species the trimethylamine component may be removed. A synthetic attractant lasts approximately 4–10 weeks depending on climatic conditions. It captures few non-target insects and significantly fewer male fruit flies, making this attractant suited for use in sterile fruit fly release programmes. New synthetic food attractant technologies are available for use, including the long-lasting three-component and two-component mixtures contained in the same patch, as well as the three components incorporated in a single cone-shaped plug (Tables 1 and 3).
In addition, because food-foraging female and male fruit flies respond to synthetic food attractants at the sexually immature adult stage, these attractant types are capable of detecting female fruit flies earlier and at lower population levels than liquid protein attractants.
Table 2a. Attractants and traps for male fruit fly surveys
Fruit fly species
Attractant and trap (see below for abbreviations)
TML/CE
ME
CUE
CC
CH
ET
JT
LT
MM
ST
SE
TP
YP
VARs+
CH
ET
JT
LT
MM
ST
TP
YP
CH
ET
JT
LT
MM
ST
TP
YP
Anastrepha fraterculus
Anastrepha ludens
Anastrepha obliqua
Anastrepha striata
Anastrepha suspensa
Bactrocera carambolae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera caryeae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera citri (B. minax)
Bactrocera correcta
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera cucumis
Bactrocera cucurbitae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera dorsalis
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera invadens
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera kandiensis
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera latifrons
Bactrocera occipitalis
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera oleae
Bactrocera papayae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera philippinensis
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera tau
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera tryoni
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera tsuneonis
Bactrocera umbrosa
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera zonata
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ceratitis capitata
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ceratitis cosyra
Ceratitis rosa
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Dacus ciliatus
Myiopardalis pardalina
Rhagoletis cerasi
Rhagoletis cingulata
Rhagoletis indifferens
Rhagoletis pomonella
Toxotrypana curvicauda
Attractant abbreviations
Trap abbreviations
TML Trimedlure
CC Cook and Cunningham (C&C) trap
LT Lynfield trap
TP Tephri trap
CE Capilure
CH ChamP trap
MM Maghreb-Med or Morocco trap
VARs+ Modified funnel trap
ME Methyl eugenol
ET Easy trap
ST Steiner trap
YP Yellow panel trap
CUE Cuelure
JT Jackson trap
SE
Table 2b. Attractants and traps for female-biased fruit fly surveys
Fruit fly species
Attractant and trap (see below for abbreviations)
3C
2C-2
2C-1
PA
SK+AC
AS (AA, AC)
BuH
MVP
ET
SE
MLT
OBDT
LT
MM
TP
ET
MLT
LT
MM
TP
MLT
ET
McP
MLT
CH
YP
RB
RS
YP
PALz
RS
YP
PALz
GS
Anastrepha fraterculus
x
x
Anastrepha grandis
x
x
Anastrepha ludens
x
x
x
Anastrepha obliqua
x
x
x
Anastrepha striata
x
x
Anastrepha suspensa
x
x
x
Bactrocera carambolae
x
x
Bactrocera caryeae
x
x
Bactrocera citri (B. minax)
x
x
Bactrocera correcta
x
x
Bactrocera cucumis
x
x
Bactrocera cucurbitae
x
x
x
Bactrocera dorsalis
x
x
Bactrocera invadens
x
x
x
Bactrocera kandiensis
x
x
Bactrocera latifrons
x
x
Bactrocera occipitalis
x
x
Bactrocera oleae
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bactrocera papayae
x
x
Bactrocera philippinensis
x
x
Bactrocera tau
x
x
Bactrocera tryoni
x
x
Bactrocera tsuneonis
x
x
Bactrocera umbrosa
x
x
Bactrocera zonata
x
x
x
Ceratitis capitata
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ceratitis cosyra
x
x
x
x
Ceratitis rosa
x
x
x
x
x
Dacus ciliatus
x
x
x
Myiopardalis pardalina
x
x
Rhagoletis cerasi
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rhagoletis cingulata
x
x
x
x
Rhagoletis indifferens
x
x
Rhagoletis pomonella
x
x
x
x
Toxotrypana curvicauda
x
Attractant abbreviations
Trap abbreviations
3C (AA+Pt+TMA)
AS ammonium salts
CH ChamP trap
McP McPhail trap
RS Red sphere trap
2C-2 (AA+TMA)
AA ammonium acetate
ET Easy trap
MLT Multilure trap
SE Sensus trap
2C-1 (AA+Pt)
BuH butyl hexanoate
GS Green sphere
OBDT Open bottom dry trap
TP Tephri trap
PA protein attractant
MVP papaya fruit fly pheromone
LT Lynfield trap
PALz Fluorescent yellow sticky “cloak” trap
YP Yellow panel trap
(2-methyl vinylpyrazine)
MM Maghreb-Med or Morocco trap
RB Rebell trap
SK spiroketal
Pt putrescine
AC ammonium (bi)carbonate
TMA trimethylamine
Establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae) - Appendix 1 ISPM 26
ISPM 26-23
Table 3. List of attractants and field longevity
Common name
Attractant abbreviations
Formulation
Field longevity1
(weeks)
Parapheromones
Trimedlure
TML
Polymeric plug
4–10
Laminate
3–6
Liquid
1–4
PE bag
4-5
Methyl eugenol
ME
Polymeric plug
4–10
Liquid
4–8
Cuelure
CUE
Polymeric plug
4–10
Liquid
4–8
Capilure (TML plus extenders)
CE
Liquid
12–36
Pheromones
Papaya fruit fly (T. curvicauda)
(2-methyl-6-vinylpyrazine)
MVP
Patches
4–6
Olive Fly (spiroketal)
SK
Polymer
4–6
Food-based attractants
Torula yeast/borax
PA
Pellet
1–2
Protein derivatives
PA
Liquid
1–2
Ammonium acetate
AA
Patches
4–6
Liquid
1
Polymer
2–4
Ammonium (bi)carbonate
AC
Patches
4–6
Liquid
1
Polymer
1–4
Ammonium salts
AS
Salt
1
Putrescine
Pt
Patches
6–10
Trimethylamine
TMA
Patches
6–10
Butyl hexanoate
BuH
Vial
2
Ammonium acetate +
Putrescine +
Trimethylamine
3C (AA+Pt+TMA)
Cone/patches
6–10
Ammonium acetate +
Putrescine +
Trimethylamine
3C (AA+Pt+TMA)
Long-lasting patches
18–26
Ammonium acetate +
Trimethylamine
2C-2 (AA+TMA)
Patches
6–10
Ammonium acetate +
Putrescine
2C-1 (AA+Pt)
Patches
6–10
Ammonium acetate /
Ammonium carbonate
AA/AC
PE bag w. alufoil cover
3–4
1 Based on half-life. Attractant longevity is indicative only. Actual timing should be supported by field testing and validation.
3.2 Killing and preserving agents
Traps retain attracted fruit flies through the use of killing and preserving agents. In some dry traps, killing agents are a sticky material or a toxicant. Some organophosphates may act as a repellent at higher doses. The use of insecticides in traps is subject to the registration and approval of the product in the respective national legislation.
In other traps, liquid is the killing agent. When liquid protein attractants are used, mix borax 3% concentration to preserve the captured fruit flies. There are protein attractants that are formulated with borax, and thus no additional borax is required. When water is used in hot climates, 10% propylene glycol is added to prevent evaporation of the attractant and to preserve captured flies.
3.3 Commonly used fruit fly traps
This section describes commonly used fruit fly traps. The list of traps is not comprehensive; other types of traps may achieve equivalent results and may be used for fruit fly trapping.
Based on the killing agent, there are three types of traps commonly used:
- Dry traps. The fly is caught on a sticky material board or killed by a chemical agent. Some of the most widely used dry traps are Cook and Cunningham (C&C), ChamP, Jackson/Delta, Lynfield, open bottom dry trap (OBDT) or Phase IV, red sphere, Steiner and yellow panel/Rebell traps.
- Wet traps. The fly is captured and drowns in the attractant solution or in water with surfactant. One of the most widely used wet traps is the McPhail trap. The Harris trap is also a wet trap with a more limited use.
- Dry or wet traps. These traps can be used either dry or wet. Some of the most widely used are Easy trap, Multilure trap and Tephri trap.
Cook and Cunningham (C&C) trap
General description
The C&C trap consists of three removable creamy white panels, spaced approximately 2.5 cm apart. The two outer panels are made of rectangular paperboard measuring 22.8 cm × 14.0 cm. One or both panels are coated with sticky material (Figure 1). The adhesive panel has one or more holes which allow air to circulate through. The trap is used with a polymeric panel containing an olfactory attractant (usually trimedlure), which is placed between the two outer panels. The polymeric panels come in two sizes – standard and half panel. The standard panel (15.2 cm × 15.2 cm) contains 20 g of TML, while the half size (7.6 cm × 15.2 cm) contains 10 g. The entire unit is held together with clips, and suspended in the tree canopy with a wire hanger.
Use
As a result of the need for economic highly sensitive delimiting trapping of C. capitata, polymeric panels were developed for the controlled release of greater amounts of TML. This keeps the release rate constant for a longer period of time reducing hand labour and increasing sensitivity. The C&C trap with its multipanel construction has significant adhesive surface area for fly capture.
- For the species for which the trap and attractant is used, see Table 2a.
- For rebaiting (field longevity), see Table 3.
- For use under different scenarios and recommended densities, see Table 4d.
Figure 1. Cook and Cunningham (C&C) trap.
ISPM 26
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